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Early control of blood sugar key for gestational diabetes

Kaiser Permanente study finds better outcomes for patients if they achieve glucose control early and maintain it

Pregnant patients treated for gestational diabetes had better birth outcomes if they rapidly improved their blood sugar levels soon after diagnosis rather than having slow or no improvement, according to new research from Kaiser Permanente.

Yeyi Zhu, PhD

The study, published September 29 in JAMA Network Open, found that patients who had slower improvement or did not achieve optimal glucose control had a higher risk of cesarean delivery, large-for-gestational-age baby, dislocation of the baby’s shoulder during delivery, or admission of the baby to the neonatal intensive care unit.

“Glycemic control is a cornerstone of gestational diabetes management, so it’s important to learn in detail about the trajectory of control between diagnosis and delivery,” said senior author Yeyi Zhu, PhD, a research scientist with the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research. “This study goes beyond identifying whether a patient has control of their blood sugar and offers insights into the role of timing of glycemic control.”

The study also illuminated the factors that enabled patients to manage their blood sugar levels early: having a healthy weight before pregnancy, avoiding tobacco and alcohol during pregnancy, being engaged in a gestational diabetes care program, and closely self-monitoring blood glucose levels, which patients were asked to do 4 times a day.

Rana Chehab, PhD, MPH, RD

The patients studied were all enrolled in a Kaiser Permanente Northern California Regional Perinatal Service Center, or RPSC, telehealth program for people with gestational diabetes. The program offers standardized telephone counseling on diet, physical activity, glucose monitoring, and medications to reduce blood sugar.

“One thing that stood out to us about patients with early glucose control was that they were more likely to be engaged with the RPSC,” said lead author Rana Chehab, PhD, a research fellow with the Division of Research. “They were more likely to have phone calls with nurses and to do the glucose measurements at least 3 times a day.”

The authors said it was significant that nearly 90% of the patients who participated in the telehealth support program significantly improved their blood glucose levels before delivering their babies.

“Managing one’s blood sugars in pregnancy can be difficult, and we give patients personalized care from very knowledgeable, caring staff members,” said study co-author Mara Greenberg, MD, a maternal-fetal medicine specialist with The Permanente Medical Group who directs the Regional Perinatal Service Center. “This study shows great outcomes for the majority of our patients and we’re very proud of that.”

Four trajectories of glucose control

Kaiser Permanente patients in Northern California who are pregnant are routinely screened for gestational diabetes toward the end of the second trimester of pregnancy and during the study period, patients at high-risk of developing gestational diabetes were screened earlier in pregnancy, in accordance with national standards. Gestational diabetes can increase the risk of complications for the mother and child, including preeclampsia, early birth, and large-for-gestational-age baby, along with long-term metabolic and cardiovascular problems.

Four glycemic control trajectories identified in study.

The study included 26,774 individuals enrolled in the gestational diabetes program at Kaiser Permanente Northern California between January 2007 and December 2017. The researchers analyzed the data on glucose control levels between diagnosis and delivery and found that patients were clustered into 4 different trajectories. About 40% were “stably optimal,” starting out with good control and maintaining it. About 34% were “rapidly improving to optimal,” with a trajectory showing rapid improvement to optimal levels. Glucose control was labeled “optimal” when it met targets recommended by the American Diabetes Association.

The third category, “slowly improving to near-optimal,” with 15% of patients, had slow improvement after diagnosis of gestational diabetes until delivery. The fourth, with 11%, were “slowly improving to suboptimal,” with slow improvement over time that did not reach optimal levels before delivery.

The study adds important detail to the experience of managing gestational diabetes, said co-author Assiamira Ferrara, MD, PhD, research scientist and associate director of the Division of Research. “Previous studies categorized women as being in control of glucose or not, but we wanted to know if the timing of glucose control attainment mattered in terms of outcomes, and it does,” she said.

Mara Greenberg, MD

Future research could compare patients in various trajectories to learn how they differ. “Some patients are able to get glycemic control relatively quickly and stay there and other patients struggle, and we don’t always know why,” Greenberg said.

The study was funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

Co-authors also included Amanda L. Ngo, MPH, and Juanran Feng, MS, of the Division of Research.

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About the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research

The Kaiser Permanente Division of Research conducts, publishes and disseminates epidemiologic and health services research to improve the health and medical care of Kaiser Permanente members and society at large. It seeks to understand the determinants of illness and well-being, and to improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of health care. Currently, DOR’s 600-plus staff is working on more than 450 epidemiological and health services research projects. For more information, visit divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org or follow us @KPDOR.

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